India ' s higher selling , general and administrative expenses , as a percent of sales , were due to increased operating reserve 印度的銷(xiāo)售費(fèi)用,一般費(fèi)用和管理費(fèi)用較高,大概占總銷(xiāo)售額的百分之一,其原因是運(yùn)營(yíng)準(zhǔn)備金的提高。
The trustees maintain an operating reserve fund to assure trf ' s stability in times of economic downturn , unexpected emergency , or necessary expense 保管委員會(huì)保留了一筆營(yíng)運(yùn)準(zhǔn)備基金,以確保基金會(huì)能在經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣、突發(fā)緊急狀況或因應(yīng)必要的支出時(shí),能保持穩(wěn)定。
A novel mechanism for determining and procuring operating reserve requirements in regional power markets ( rpm ) is presented . in addition , an allocation mechanism of associated benefits is developed based on the well - developed cooperative game theory 針對(duì)區(qū)域電力市場(chǎng),設(shè)計(jì)了確定和獲取運(yùn)行備用容量的算法,并利用合作博弈思想探討了運(yùn)行備用容量收益的合理分配問(wèn)題。
This thesis focuses on several important , yet difficult , problems concerning procurement and pricing of agc and operating reserve in the electricity market environment , such as forecasting and procurement of agc capacity requirement , coordination of dispatching and pricing strategies in energy and agc markets , procurement and pricing of operating reserve with economic efficiency and reliability requirement well balanced , efficient transactions of operating reserve in a regional power market 例如, agc的需求預(yù)測(cè)與獲取, agc與有功能量市場(chǎng)的協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)作,兼顧經(jīng)濟(jì)性與可靠性的運(yùn)行備用容量獲取與定價(jià),以及區(qū)域電力市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下的運(yùn)行備用交易等問(wèn)題。本文針對(duì)這幾個(gè)重要而尚未得到很好解決的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了比較系統(tǒng)深入的研究: 1
The restructuring of power system presents many new challenges for procuring and pricing agc and operating reserve . although much research work on developing efficient procuring and pricing of such generation resource has been done , there are still many important issues to be solved 在電力市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下,輔助服務(wù)的獲取和定價(jià)遇到了許多新的挑戰(zhàn),雖然國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)此作了一些研究,而且有些方法已經(jīng)在目前運(yùn)行的電力市場(chǎng)中得到實(shí)際應(yīng)用,但仍有很多重要的問(wèn)題沒(méi)有得到很好的解決。
In electricity networks, the operating reserve is the generating capacity available to the system operator within a short interval of time to meet demand in case a generator goes down or there is another disruption to the supply. Most power systems are designed so that, under normal conditions, the operating reserve is always at least the capacity of the largest generator plus a fraction of the peak load.
operating: adj. 1.運(yùn)行的;操作的;工作的。 2.關(guān)于業(yè)務(wù)的; ...reserve: vt. 1.保留;留下(以備后用、享受等)。 2.預(yù)定, ...operating reserve capacity: 運(yùn)行備用容量in reserve: 備用, 預(yù)備no reserve: 蘭蔻水晶亮澤炫魅唇彩on reserve, be: 保留reserve: vt. 1.保留;留下(以備后用、享受等)。 2.預(yù)定,預(yù)約,租定,包,定(座位、房間等)。 3.貯藏,儲(chǔ)備。 4.把…除外,附加但書(shū),限制。 5.改期(宣判等)。 6.訂約保留(某種權(quán)益)。 7.〔罕用語(yǔ)〕讓活著;救命。 8.【宗教】留出(部分圣餐);保留(特赦權(quán))。 9.注定。 All rights reserved. 所有權(quán)利全部保留;版權(quán)所有,不許翻印。 This discovery was reserved for Columbus. 一直等到哥倫布才來(lái)完成這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。 A great future is reserved for you. 遠(yuǎn)大的前程等著你。 All seats reserved. 所有座位必須預(yù)定。 reserve oneself for 養(yǎng)精蓄銳以待。 n. 1.貯藏,保存;保留;儲(chǔ)備,預(yù)備。 2.備用人力[資源];貯藏物。 3.保留地;預(yù)備林;獵區(qū)。 4.【軍事】〔常 pl.〕后備兵;后援部隊(duì);后援艦隊(duì);預(yù)備艦隊(duì);【運(yùn)】預(yù)備隊(duì)員,候補(bǔ)選手;(博覽會(huì)等的)預(yù)備獎(jiǎng)品。 5.【商業(yè)】準(zhǔn)備金,公積金。 6.自制,虛心,謹(jǐn)慎;斟酌,限制,條件,例外。 7.緘默;隱諱,隔閡,冷淡,不坦白。 8.【染】防染物;(電鍍用的)防鍍劑。 9.【采】埋藏量,(石油)貯量。 10.限價(jià),最低價(jià)格。 11.【生物化學(xué)】(溶液,血液等的酸或堿的)儲(chǔ)量。 He has a great reserve of energy. 他綽有余力;他精力充裕。 the first reserve 預(yù)備役[軍]。 the second reserve 后備役[軍]。 the gold reserve (發(fā)鈔銀行的)黃金儲(chǔ)備。 proved reserve 【采】探明貯量。 reserve cell 補(bǔ)充細(xì)胞。 be placed on the reserve (軍艦)被編入后備艦隊(duì)。 break down all reserve (無(wú)保留地)消除一切隔閡。 call up the reserves 召集預(yù)備役。 in reserve 留下的,預(yù)備的,備用的。 have [keep] in reserve 留作預(yù)備。 place a reserve upon a house 給房子標(biāo)上拍賣(mài)的最低價(jià)格。 place to reserve 留作備用款[公積]。 with all reserve [all proper reserves] 有保留地(We publish this with all reserve. 本處公布此事確否待證)。 throw off reserve 消除隔閡。 with reserve 有保留地;有條件地;有限制地。 without reserve 不客氣地,坦白地,直言不諱地;無(wú)限制地,無(wú)保留地(sale without reserve 不限價(jià)拍賣(mài))。 adj. 后備的,準(zhǔn)備的,多余的。 one's reserve strength 潛力。 a reserve bank 〔美國(guó)〕準(zhǔn)備銀行,儲(chǔ)備銀行。 a reserve city 〔美國(guó)〕(市內(nèi)國(guó)立銀行保有一定黃金儲(chǔ)備的)準(zhǔn)備市。 a reserve fund 儲(chǔ)備金,公積金。 a reserve tank 【機(jī)械工程】后備油箱。 a reserve tooth 永久齒。 a reserve price 最低拍賣(mài)限價(jià)。 reserve speed 〔美軍俚〕最大速度。 with a reserve: 保留價(jià)operating: adj. 1.運(yùn)行的;操作的;工作的。 2.關(guān)于業(yè)務(wù)的;營(yíng)業(yè)上的;關(guān)于收支的。 3 外科手術(shù)的。operating costs 營(yíng)業(yè)費(fèi);事業(yè)費(fèi);經(jīng)營(yíng)成本;生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用。 operating expenses 業(yè)務(wù)開(kāi)支;營(yíng)業(yè)費(fèi)。 operating funds 流動(dòng)資金。 operating personnels 管理人員。 operating as: 運(yùn)作如…的claims reserve; loss reserve: 賠款準(zhǔn)備金res reserve reserve: 預(yù)備隊(duì)a reserve fund: 公積金accumulated reserve: 累積儲(chǔ)備active reserve: 活動(dòng)準(zhǔn)備金actual reserve: 真實(shí)儲(chǔ)量additional reserve: 補(bǔ)充儲(chǔ)備量; 追加準(zhǔn)備金advertising reserve: 廣告預(yù)算aggregate reserve: 骨料儲(chǔ)量air reserve: 空軍后備隊(duì)airborne reserve: 空中預(yù)備隊(duì)alignment reserve: 調(diào)整裕量alkali reserve: (預(yù)備鹼):可以在體內(nèi)用做緩沖劑的重碳酸鹽(鹼)的量。; 堿藏; 堿儲(chǔ)備; 堿儲(chǔ)藏; 堿儲(chǔ)量; 堿貯藏; 堿貯箅; 鹼儲(chǔ)量alkaline reserve: 堿儲(chǔ)備; 堿儲(chǔ)量; 堿貯; 鹼儲(chǔ)備allowance reserve: 折讓及回扣; 折讓準(zhǔn)備